After further testing I noticed that this is indeed directly correlated to the amount of AI players, and not map size. In fact if you play on a larger map with less AI players, they actually tech slower because they don't meet each other as quickly and do research treaties.
Tests were as follows
Mods Run:
Stormworld (v1.5u)
LargerMaps (v1.1)
Snaking Mod (v1.3)
Tech Pacing: Epic
AI Settings: Challenging
Most Other Things Set to Max: Monster Frequency, Shards, Resources, Quests, Wildlands.
Huge Map, 10 Players total - I can keep up or out tech the AI.
Huge Map 18 Players - After about 50 turns the AI started to grow exponentially in research, disproportionate to the amount of infrastructure in their towns.
Large Map, 8p Players total - Can keep up with AI tech.
Why this "bug" occurs with many AI players is unknown, seeing as the game was designed for only 9 players max, and the fact that this bug doesn't seem to occur at that amount of players, this issue may not be resolved (since it cannot occur without the aid of mods). I don't know if the mods are thee actual cause of this error itself, but it would seem unlikely as none of them seem to edit research/tech tress/diplomacy. The only way to rule out that trading tech is the cause of this bug, would be to be able to disable the trading of tech completely. Then observe the rate of which the AI researches - but we are not given that option.