Some techs are renamed version of the same techs.

Some techs offer different bonuses than the ones that other races use.

Some techs unlock different planet structures, starbase modules, and ship components. An issue at this time is that races without the traditional factory techs can't build up mining starbases well.

Some techs can't be bought or stolen from others.

Some races share the same stuff. Expect to see the Arceans, the Terrans, and the Torians using Manufacturing centers. The Drengin and Korath use slave pits.

Some races have different stuff. The Torains have their healing pools (morale buildings with no upkeep) and schools (too primitive for research centers). The Yor don't have much in terms of morale or economic structures and have much higher upkeep factories.

Expect some races to get much stronger, while some get weaker. The Iconians for instance, get powerful structural enhancements (starship modules that increase hit points), and can research a tech that provides a +100% bonus to ship repair rate. The Yor have very little in terms of morale and economic structure (only 1 per planet stuff) combined with high upkeep collectives (factories), and you get a combination that effectively cripples the Yor's economy. You intentionally want to avoid high end collectives where the upkeep can quickly get crippling.

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I hope this helps.