There are different technologies to research like:
Particles -> Lasers -> Plasma -> Phasors -> Distruptors
with several levels, but maybe a good option is creating a infinite levels of each of them?
Each level is stronger than previous one (for example by 5% and require 5% more research)...
What sense of this idea?
1) There no "ultimate" weapon and each race cannot focus at the war "when all technologies discovered".
2) Player decides what is more sense: develop old technology (laser 3 -> laser 4) or start to research the new one (plasma weapons).
In some ways the developing old technologies may be more effective (cheaper) than starting new and make a "breakthrough". The second side the developing of the new technology makes higher progress (for laser the core is 100 and each next one is 5% stronger then previous one, for plasma, the core power is 150 and the next one is 7% stronger).