Well I can think of an easy (for the devs, at least) way of doing it: the onboard coordinate system. The game already keeps track of where everything is in a x,y plane, they just need to make that accessible to the screen reading program. Unfortunately, this is the kind of thing that really does need to be done by the developers - we don't have access to that kind of low-level detail.
i wonder if they'd be willing to work with volunteer enthusiasts? not me, i have no idea how to do that. but if there were volunteers...
Thinking about it, I somehow doubt you're going to want to try and keep track of a 256x256 grid in your head, so you'd probably want to limit yourself to smaller maps. Assuming this ever gets off the ground...
what about "zooming text"? i'm thinking about an interface in which you can get different amalgamations of information. so at the highest "zoom", you know how many stars or planets or ships you can detect in a particular quadrant, or in what quadrant your homeworld is in. you can then 'zoom down' to receive summaries or lists of information for one sector, or 4 sectors, 9, 16, etc. throw in some textual notifications of things that are usually conveyed visually, like when an enemy ship moves near one of your planets or star bases, and i think i could handle it just fine myself.
don't get me wrong, it does seem like a more challenging task than what i'm used to, and a slower pace than what i'm used to. but being able to see, playing the game methodically still involves a lot of regular, thorough examination. i need to check on various parts of the map because i can't see the whole thing at once, and the mini map isn't enough. i don't know why that'd be fundamentally harder to do by text for a large map.
i develop a general impression of the game map in a mental version; i don't remember all the details on a huge map, so i have to focus on particular areas that require frequent attention, and i also make periodic sweeps of everything by various means (either mousing around, or looking at the tables and graphs). i don't think you need sight to do that, the ability is based on a concept of space. you don't get that from seeing, but from all of your senses.